3.178 \(\int \frac{1}{x^2 (1-x^3+x^6)} \, dx\)

Optimal. Leaf size=416 \[ \frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (2^{2/3} x^2+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+\left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (2^{2/3} x^2+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+\left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{1}{x}-\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (-\sqrt [3]{2} x+\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (-\sqrt [3]{2} x+\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (-\sqrt{3}+i\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )}}}{\sqrt{3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (\sqrt{3}+i\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )}}}{\sqrt{3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}} \]

[Out]

-x^(-1) + ((I - Sqrt[3])*ArcTan[(1 + (2*x)/((1 - I*Sqrt[3])/2)^(1/3))/Sqrt[3]])/(3*2^(2/3)*(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/
3)) - ((I + Sqrt[3])*ArcTan[(1 + (2*x)/((1 + I*Sqrt[3])/2)^(1/3))/Sqrt[3]])/(3*2^(2/3)*(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3))
- ((3 - I*Sqrt[3])*Log[(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3) - 2^(1/3)*x])/(9*2^(2/3)*(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3)) - ((3 + I*Sqrt[3]
)*Log[(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3) - 2^(1/3)*x])/(9*2^(2/3)*(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3)) + ((3 - I*Sqrt[3])*Log[(1 - I*Sqrt
[3])^(2/3) + (2*(1 - I*Sqrt[3]))^(1/3)*x + 2^(2/3)*x^2])/(18*2^(2/3)*(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3)) + ((3 + I*Sqrt[3])
*Log[(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(2/3) + (2*(1 + I*Sqrt[3]))^(1/3)*x + 2^(2/3)*x^2])/(18*2^(2/3)*(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3))

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Rubi [A]  time = 0.299715, antiderivative size = 416, normalized size of antiderivative = 1., number of steps used = 14, number of rules used = 8, integrand size = 16, \(\frac{\text{number of rules}}{\text{integrand size}}\) = 0.5, Rules used = {1368, 1510, 292, 31, 634, 617, 204, 628} \[ \frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (2^{2/3} x^2+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+\left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (2^{2/3} x^2+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+\left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{1}{x}-\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (-\sqrt [3]{2} x+\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (-\sqrt [3]{2} x+\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (-\sqrt{3}+i\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )}}}{\sqrt{3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (\sqrt{3}+i\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )}}}{\sqrt{3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Int[1/(x^2*(1 - x^3 + x^6)),x]

[Out]

-x^(-1) + ((I - Sqrt[3])*ArcTan[(1 + (2*x)/((1 - I*Sqrt[3])/2)^(1/3))/Sqrt[3]])/(3*2^(2/3)*(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/
3)) - ((I + Sqrt[3])*ArcTan[(1 + (2*x)/((1 + I*Sqrt[3])/2)^(1/3))/Sqrt[3]])/(3*2^(2/3)*(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3))
- ((3 - I*Sqrt[3])*Log[(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3) - 2^(1/3)*x])/(9*2^(2/3)*(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3)) - ((3 + I*Sqrt[3]
)*Log[(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3) - 2^(1/3)*x])/(9*2^(2/3)*(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3)) + ((3 - I*Sqrt[3])*Log[(1 - I*Sqrt
[3])^(2/3) + (2*(1 - I*Sqrt[3]))^(1/3)*x + 2^(2/3)*x^2])/(18*2^(2/3)*(1 - I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3)) + ((3 + I*Sqrt[3])
*Log[(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(2/3) + (2*(1 + I*Sqrt[3]))^(1/3)*x + 2^(2/3)*x^2])/(18*2^(2/3)*(1 + I*Sqrt[3])^(1/3))

Rule 1368

Int[((d_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((a_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_.) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[((d*x)^(m + 1)*(a +
b*x^n + c*x^(2*n))^(p + 1))/(a*d*(m + 1)), x] - Dist[1/(a*d^n*(m + 1)), Int[(d*x)^(m + n)*(b*(m + n*(p + 1) +
1) + c*(m + 2*n*(p + 1) + 1)*x^n)*(a + b*x^n + c*x^(2*n))^p, x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, p}, x] && EqQ[n2, 2
*n] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && IGtQ[n, 0] && LtQ[m, -1] && IntegerQ[p]

Rule 1510

Int[(((f_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^(n_)))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_)), x_Symbol] :> Wi
th[{q = Rt[b^2 - 4*a*c, 2]}, Dist[e/2 + (2*c*d - b*e)/(2*q), Int[(f*x)^m/(b/2 - q/2 + c*x^n), x], x] + Dist[e/
2 - (2*c*d - b*e)/(2*q), Int[(f*x)^m/(b/2 + q/2 + c*x^n), x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f, m}, x] && EqQ[n2
, 2*n] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && IGtQ[n, 0]

Rule 292

Int[(x_)/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^3), x_Symbol] :> -Dist[(3*Rt[a, 3]*Rt[b, 3])^(-1), Int[1/(Rt[a, 3] + Rt[b, 3]*x),
x], x] + Dist[1/(3*Rt[a, 3]*Rt[b, 3]), Int[(Rt[a, 3] + Rt[b, 3]*x)/(Rt[a, 3]^2 - Rt[a, 3]*Rt[b, 3]*x + Rt[b, 3
]^2*x^2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x]

Rule 31

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_))^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x, x]]/b, x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x]

Rule 634

Int[((d_.) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> Dist[(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*c), Int[1/(a +
b*x + c*x^2), x], x] + Dist[e/(2*c), Int[(b + 2*c*x)/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] &
& NeQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] &&  !NiceSqrtQ[b^2 - 4*a*c]

Rule 617

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = 1 - 4*Simplify[(a*c)/b^2]}, Dist[-2/b, Sub
st[Int[1/(q - x^2), x], x, 1 + (2*c*x)/b], x] /; RationalQ[q] && (EqQ[q^2, 1] ||  !RationalQ[b^2 - 4*a*c])] /;
FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0]

Rule 204

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> -Simp[ArcTan[(Rt[-b, 2]*x)/Rt[-a, 2]]/(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2]), x] /
; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])

Rule 628

Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(d*Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x +
c*x^2, x]])/b, x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && EqQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0]

Rubi steps

\begin{align*} \int \frac{1}{x^2 \left (1-x^3+x^6\right )} \, dx &=-\frac{1}{x}+\int \frac{x \left (1-x^3\right )}{1-x^3+x^6} \, dx\\ &=-\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{6} \left (-3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{x}{-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{i \sqrt{3}}{2}+x^3} \, dx-\frac{1}{6} \left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{x}{-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{i \sqrt{3}}{2}+x^3} \, dx\\ &=-\frac{1}{x}-\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{1}{-\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )}+x} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{-\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )}+x}{\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{1}{-\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )}+x} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{-\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )}+x}{\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}\\ &=-\frac{1}{x}-\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )}+2 x}{\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{1}{12} \left (-3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{1}{\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx-\frac{1}{12} \left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{1}{\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \int \frac{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )}+2 x}{\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+x^2} \, dx}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}\\ &=-\frac{1}{x}-\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}\\ &=-\frac{1}{x}+\frac{\left (i-\sqrt{3}\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )}}}{\sqrt{3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (i+\sqrt{3}\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1+\frac{2 x}{\sqrt [3]{\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )}}}{\sqrt{3}}\right )}{3\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}-\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}-\sqrt [3]{2} x\right )}{9\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3-i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1-i \sqrt{3}}}+\frac{\left (3+i \sqrt{3}\right ) \log \left (\left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )^{2/3}+\sqrt [3]{2 \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right )} x+2^{2/3} x^2\right )}{18\ 2^{2/3} \sqrt [3]{1+i \sqrt{3}}}\\ \end{align*}

Mathematica [C]  time = 0.0122603, size = 61, normalized size = 0.15 \[ -\frac{1}{3} \text{RootSum}\left [\text{$\#$1}^6-\text{$\#$1}^3+1\& ,\frac{\text{$\#$1}^3 \log (x-\text{$\#$1})-\log (x-\text{$\#$1})}{2 \text{$\#$1}^4-\text{$\#$1}}\& \right ]-\frac{1}{x} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Integrate[1/(x^2*(1 - x^3 + x^6)),x]

[Out]

-x^(-1) - RootSum[1 - #1^3 + #1^6 & , (-Log[x - #1] + Log[x - #1]*#1^3)/(-#1 + 2*#1^4) & ]/3

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Maple [C]  time = 0.007, size = 50, normalized size = 0.1 \begin{align*} -{\frac{1}{3}\sum _{{\it \_R}={\it RootOf} \left ({{\it \_Z}}^{6}-{{\it \_Z}}^{3}+1 \right ) }{\frac{ \left ({{\it \_R}}^{4}-{\it \_R} \right ) \ln \left ( x-{\it \_R} \right ) }{2\,{{\it \_R}}^{5}-{{\it \_R}}^{2}}}}-{x}^{-1} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(1/x^2/(x^6-x^3+1),x)

[Out]

-1/3*sum((_R^4-_R)/(2*_R^5-_R^2)*ln(x-_R),_R=RootOf(_Z^6-_Z^3+1))-1/x

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Maxima [F]  time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \begin{align*} -\frac{1}{x} - \int \frac{x^{4} - x}{x^{6} - x^{3} + 1}\,{d x} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/x^2/(x^6-x^3+1),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

-1/x - integrate((x^4 - x)/(x^6 - x^3 + 1), x)

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Fricas [B]  time = 2.26592, size = 5952, normalized size = 14.31 \begin{align*} \text{result too large to display} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/x^2/(x^6-x^3+1),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

1/108*(2*18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*log(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4
+ 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 - 12*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 +
2*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 6*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 +
36*x^2) + 8*18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*x*arctan(-1/432*(6*18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*x - 216*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 21
6*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 - 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 1
8^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 - 12*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 2*(1
8^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 6*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 36*x
^2))/(cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) + 4*(18^(2/3)*1
2^(1/6)*sqrt(3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) - 18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*x*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)))*arctan(1/10
8*(6*18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 108*sqrt(3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 +
108*sqrt(3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 864*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^3
- 6*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*x - 36*sqrt(3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 -
12*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) + 72*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt
(3) + 2)) - sqrt(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) +
2))^4 - 12*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*sqrt(3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) + 6*18^(1/3)
*12^(1/3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 2*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 - 3*18^(1/3)*
12^(1/3)*x)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 36*x^2)*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2
- 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 - 2*18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))
*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))))/(3*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 - 10*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2*sin(2/3*
arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 3*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4)) + 4*(18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*sqrt(3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sq
rt(3) + 2)) + 18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*x*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)))*arctan(1/108*(6*18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*x*co
s(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 108*sqrt(3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 108*sqrt(3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3)
+ 2))^4 - 864*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^3 - 6*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*x -
36*sqrt(3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 12*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*x*cos(2/3*ar
ctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) + 72*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) - sqrt(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*
cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 12*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*sqrt(
3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) + 6*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3)
+ 2))^2 + 2*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 - 3*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3)
+ 2))^2 + 36*x^2)*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 - 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sqrt(3)*sin(2/
3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 2*18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))))/(3*
cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 - 10*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 3*sin(2/3*
arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4)) + (18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*sqrt(3)*x*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) - 18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*x*cos
(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)))*log(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sin(2/3*ar
ctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 + 12*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*sqrt(3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)
) + 6*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 2*(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2
- 3*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 36*x^2) - (18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*sqrt(3)*x*sin(2/3*arct
an(sqrt(3) + 2)) + 18^(2/3)*12^(1/6)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)))*log(18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt
(3) + 2))^4 + 18^(2/3)*12^(2/3)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^4 - 12*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*sqrt(3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan
(sqrt(3) + 2))*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2)) + 6*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 2*(18^(2/
3)*12^(2/3)*cos(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 - 3*18^(1/3)*12^(1/3)*x)*sin(2/3*arctan(sqrt(3) + 2))^2 + 36*x^2) -
108)/x

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Sympy [A]  time = 0.204916, size = 24, normalized size = 0.06 \begin{align*} \operatorname{RootSum}{\left (19683 t^{6} + 243 t^{3} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log{\left (- 27 t^{2} + x \right )} \right )\right )} - \frac{1}{x} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/x**2/(x**6-x**3+1),x)

[Out]

RootSum(19683*_t**6 + 243*_t**3 + 1, Lambda(_t, _t*log(-27*_t**2 + x))) - 1/x

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Giac [B]  time = 1.16506, size = 1115, normalized size = 2.68 \begin{align*} \text{result too large to display} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/x^2/(x^6-x^3+1),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

1/9*(sqrt(3)*cos(4/9*pi)^5 - 10*sqrt(3)*cos(4/9*pi)^3*sin(4/9*pi)^2 + 5*sqrt(3)*cos(4/9*pi)*sin(4/9*pi)^4 - 5*
cos(4/9*pi)^4*sin(4/9*pi) + 10*cos(4/9*pi)^2*sin(4/9*pi)^3 - sin(4/9*pi)^5 + 2*sqrt(3)*cos(4/9*pi)^2 - 2*sqrt(
3)*sin(4/9*pi)^2 - 4*cos(4/9*pi)*sin(4/9*pi))*arctan(-((sqrt(3)*i + 1)*cos(4/9*pi) - 2*x)/((sqrt(3)*i + 1)*sin
(4/9*pi))) + 1/9*(sqrt(3)*cos(2/9*pi)^5 - 10*sqrt(3)*cos(2/9*pi)^3*sin(2/9*pi)^2 + 5*sqrt(3)*cos(2/9*pi)*sin(2
/9*pi)^4 - 5*cos(2/9*pi)^4*sin(2/9*pi) + 10*cos(2/9*pi)^2*sin(2/9*pi)^3 - sin(2/9*pi)^5 + 2*sqrt(3)*cos(2/9*pi
)^2 - 2*sqrt(3)*sin(2/9*pi)^2 - 4*cos(2/9*pi)*sin(2/9*pi))*arctan(-((sqrt(3)*i + 1)*cos(2/9*pi) - 2*x)/((sqrt(
3)*i + 1)*sin(2/9*pi))) - 1/9*(sqrt(3)*cos(1/9*pi)^5 - 10*sqrt(3)*cos(1/9*pi)^3*sin(1/9*pi)^2 + 5*sqrt(3)*cos(
1/9*pi)*sin(1/9*pi)^4 + 5*cos(1/9*pi)^4*sin(1/9*pi) - 10*cos(1/9*pi)^2*sin(1/9*pi)^3 + sin(1/9*pi)^5 - 2*sqrt(
3)*cos(1/9*pi)^2 + 2*sqrt(3)*sin(1/9*pi)^2 - 4*cos(1/9*pi)*sin(1/9*pi))*arctan(((sqrt(3)*i + 1)*cos(1/9*pi) +
2*x)/((sqrt(3)*i + 1)*sin(1/9*pi))) + 1/18*(5*sqrt(3)*cos(4/9*pi)^4*sin(4/9*pi) - 10*sqrt(3)*cos(4/9*pi)^2*sin
(4/9*pi)^3 + sqrt(3)*sin(4/9*pi)^5 + cos(4/9*pi)^5 - 10*cos(4/9*pi)^3*sin(4/9*pi)^2 + 5*cos(4/9*pi)*sin(4/9*pi
)^4 + 4*sqrt(3)*cos(4/9*pi)*sin(4/9*pi) + 2*cos(4/9*pi)^2 - 2*sin(4/9*pi)^2)*log(-(sqrt(3)*i*cos(4/9*pi) + cos
(4/9*pi))*x + x^2 + 1) + 1/18*(5*sqrt(3)*cos(2/9*pi)^4*sin(2/9*pi) - 10*sqrt(3)*cos(2/9*pi)^2*sin(2/9*pi)^3 +
sqrt(3)*sin(2/9*pi)^5 + cos(2/9*pi)^5 - 10*cos(2/9*pi)^3*sin(2/9*pi)^2 + 5*cos(2/9*pi)*sin(2/9*pi)^4 + 4*sqrt(
3)*cos(2/9*pi)*sin(2/9*pi) + 2*cos(2/9*pi)^2 - 2*sin(2/9*pi)^2)*log(-(sqrt(3)*i*cos(2/9*pi) + cos(2/9*pi))*x +
x^2 + 1) + 1/18*(5*sqrt(3)*cos(1/9*pi)^4*sin(1/9*pi) - 10*sqrt(3)*cos(1/9*pi)^2*sin(1/9*pi)^3 + sqrt(3)*sin(1
/9*pi)^5 - cos(1/9*pi)^5 + 10*cos(1/9*pi)^3*sin(1/9*pi)^2 - 5*cos(1/9*pi)*sin(1/9*pi)^4 - 4*sqrt(3)*cos(1/9*pi
)*sin(1/9*pi) + 2*cos(1/9*pi)^2 - 2*sin(1/9*pi)^2)*log((sqrt(3)*i*cos(1/9*pi) + cos(1/9*pi))*x + x^2 + 1) - 1/
x